THE SEA
AND
ITS LIVING WONDERS
A POPULAR ACCOUNT OF
THE MARVELS OF THE DEEP
AND OF THE
PROGRESS OF MARITIME DISCOVERY
FROM THE EARLIEST AGES TO THE PRESENT TIME
BY
DR. G. HARTWIG
AUTHOR OF "THE TROPICAL WORLD" "THE HARMONIES OF NATURE"
"THE POLAR WORLD" AND "THE SUBTERRANEAN WORLD"
SEVENTH EDITION
WITH NUMEROUS WOODCUTS AND PLATES
LONDON
LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.
AND NEW YORK: 15 EAST 16th STREET
1892
NOTICE
The right of translation into French is reserved by the Author. All necessarysteps for securing the Copyright have been taken.
PREFACE
TO
THE THIRD AND FOURTH EDITIONS.
Nothing can be more agreeable to an author anxious tomerit the suffrages of the public, than the opportunityafforded him, by a new edition, of correcting past errorsor adding improvements to his work. Should any one ofmy readers think it worth his while to compare 'TheSea,' such as it now is, with what it formerly was, I haveno doubt he will do me the justice to say that I haveconscientiously striven to deserve his approbation.
Two new chapters—one on Marine Constructions, theother on Marine Caves—have been added; those on theMolluscs and Cœlenterata (Jelly-fishes, Polyps) almostentirely re-written; and those on Fishes, Crustaceans,Microscopic Animals, the Geographical Distribution ofMarine Life, and the Phosphorescence of the Sea, considerablyenlarged; not to mention a number of minorimprovements dispersed throughout the volume.
Great attention has also been paid to the Illustrations,many of questionable value having been omitted in thepresent edition, to make room for a number of others,« vi »which will be found of great use for the better understandingof the text.
In one word, I have done my best to raise my workto the standard of the actual state of science, and torender it, as far as my humble abilities go, a completeepitome of all that the general reader cares to knowabout the marvels of the deep.
G. Hartwig.
Salon Villas, Ludwigsburg:
June 30, 1873.
PREFACE
TO
THE FIRST TWO EDITIONS.
For years my daily walks have been upon the beach, a