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Transcriber’s Note:
Cover created by Transcriber and placed in the Public Domain.

“A Missionary looking over the edge of the world at the point whereHeaven and Earth meet.”

(From an old print.)

HISTORY OF
GEOGRAPHY

BY
J. SCOTT KELTIE, LL.D.,

SECRETARY OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY,

AND

O. J. R. HOWARTH, M.A.,

ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR
THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

[ISSUED FOR THE RATIONALIST PRESS ASSOCIATION, LIMITED]

London:
WATTS & CO.,
17 JOHNSON’S COURT, FLEET STREET, E.C.
1913


v

PREFACE

This is not a history of geographical exploration, thoughthe leading episodes in the advance of our knowledge of theface of the Earth are necessarily referred to in tracing theevolution of geography as a department of science. That isthe object of this volume as one of a series dealing succinctlywith the history of the various sciences. We are not concernedto discuss whether Geography is entitled to be consideredas a science or not. It is hoped that in the attemptto tell the story of its evolution up to the present day it will beevident that it is as amenable to scientific methods as anyother department of human knowledge, and that it performsimportant functions which are untouched by any other linesof research. I use the first person plural because I amgreatly indebted to Mr. O. J. R. Howarth in coming to myhelp after I had accumulated much of the material, but wasseriously delayed owing to a great increase in my officialduties. The greater share of whatever merits the book maypossess ought to be awarded to Mr. Howarth.

I am indebted to Mr. E. A. Reeves’s interesting little bookon Maps and Map-making for many of the illustrations.

J. Scott Keltie.

July 2, 1913.


vii

CONTENTS

 PAGE
CHAPTER I.
Beginnings1
CHAPTER II.
The Geography of the Greeks and Romans8
CHAPTER III.
The Dark Age33
CHAPTER IV.
The Mediæval Renascence42
CHAPTER V.
Portuguese Expansion and the Revival
...

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